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Arterio-Venous Graft (AVG)

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* Arterio - Venous Graft * - It is an artificial blood vessel used to link an artery and vein. - It should not be the first priority for permanent access. The graft is of 3 types: 1. *Straight graft* - It is radio-basilic placed in forearm. 2. *Looped graft* - It is brachio-basilic graft placed on forearm, upper arm or thigh. 3. *Curved graft* - It is brachio-basilic or brachio-axillary graft. And it is mostly commonly used nowadays. = * HeRO graft*: HeRO - Hemodialysis reliable Outflow - It can be used for patient whose only choice was a catheter, due to venous stenosis or blockages. “Graft materials ” The graft is made up of biologic and synthetic materials. i) Biologic material : • It includes human and animal material. It is rare. • It may have high risk of infection. • The artery or vein taking from animals like cow, sheep etc.   or from the patient's leg itself or from the umbilical   cord of newborns, etc... ii) Synthetic material: • It is used for nearly al...
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Gomerulonephritis

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Glomerulonephritis is a complex condition. Let's break it down further: Types of Glomerulonephritis: 1. *Acute glomerulonephritis*: Sudden onset, often following an infection. 2. *Chronic glomerulonephritis*: Long-term inflammation, potentially leading to kidney failure. 3. *IgA nephropathy*: Deposits of IgA antibodies in the kidneys, causing inflammation. 4. *Membranous nephropathy*: Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, leading to proteinuria. Causes and Risk Factors: 1. *Infections*: Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can trigger glomerulonephritis. 2. *Autoimmune disorders*: Conditions like lupus, IgA vasculitis, or Goodpasture syndrome. 3. *Genetic predisposition*: Family history can increase the risk. 4. *Medications*: Certain medications, such as NSAIDs or antibiotics, can cause glomerulonephritis. Symptoms and Diagnosis: 1. *Hematuria*: Blood in the urine, which may be visible or detectable only through testing. 2. *Proteinuria*: Excess protein ...
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